IN NORTH DENES

GREAT YARMOUTH

GREAT YARMOUTH LOCAL HISTORY

and ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MONOGRAPH TWENTY-TWO
Editor: Paul P. Davies

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2
 GREAT YARMOUTH LOCAL HISTORY and ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS

Historic Great Yarmouth ISBN 978-0957609211 by Margaret Gooch

More Plaques in and around Great Yarmouth and Gorleston ISBN 978-1-944241-98-8
by Paul P. Davies

ANNUAL JOURNALS

MONOGRAPHS
Monograph One: Excerpt from the Sailors’ Home Logbook 1861 to 1864
Monograph Two: Record of the Surviving and Legible Memorial Slabs in St. Nicholas’ Church,
Great Yarmouth at the Commencement of the Restoration Work: 2nd June 1957
Monograph Three: Little Yarmouth by Margaret Gooch
Monograph Four: Homocea: YH 573: A Diary of the Autumn Herring Fishing Season: 1908
Monograph Five: Photographs of Great Yarmouth taken between 1942 and 1944
Monograph Six: Plaques in and around Great Yarmouth and Gorleston ISBN 978-0957609204 by
Alan Hunt, Margaret Gooch and Paul P. Davies
Monograph Seven: Window Display par excellence. The work of Philip Musgrave-Gray of Palmer’s De-
partment Store, Great Yarmouth in the 1930s by David McDermott and Paul P. Davies
Monograph Eight: A Snapshot of Great Yarmouth 150 years Ago by Paul P. Davies
Monograph Nine: Some Bye-Laws of Great Yarmouth Borough Council 1862-1873
Monograph Ten: Caister Causey Act 1722
Monograph Eleven: A Proposal for a New Cattle Market and Slaughter House for Great Yarmouth 1877
Monograph Twelve: A Selection of the writings of Harry Beale Johnson, the Yarmouth Mercury Corner
Man 1926-1932
Monograph Thirteen: The High Stewards of Great Yarmouth by Paul P. Davies and Andrew Fakes
Monograph Fourteen: Reprint of Great Yarmouth and Gorleston Guide 1909
Monograph Fifteen: Great Yarmouth: the mid-nineteenth century.
Illustrated by contemporary engravings by Colin Tooke
Monograph Sixteen: Steer’s Directory of Great Yarmouth 1878
Monograph Seventeen: Rules for Housekeepers at Palmers 1884
Monograph Eighteen: Large Scale Map of Great Yarmouth circa 1885
Monograph Nineteen: Great Yarmouth 1937 to 1969
Monograph Twenty: Society Bulletins 1 to 56 (1968-1979)
Monograph Twenty-One: Great Yarmouth 1970 to 2000.

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 Copyright © Great Yarmouth Local History and Archaeological Society

Published
by Great Yarmouth Local History and Archaeological Society
https://www.greatyarmouthlocalhistoryandarchaeology.com 2020

Registered Charity No 277272 All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
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without prior written permission of the publisher. Every endeavour has been made to trace any copyright
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contravened copyright, please accept our apologies and the publisher will be happy to include a full
acknowledgement in any future edition.

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 A Refuse Tip in Great Yarmouth; a Dig on North Denes Road
Paul P. Davies
Refuse management has always been a problem. Following the onset of industrialisation and urban
growth in England, the accumulation of waste in towns caused a rapid deterioration in sanitation and the
quality of urban life. As there was an absence of waste clearance regulations the streets became choked
with filth, including horse manure. Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with waste removal
powers had been mooted as early as 1751.
The occurrence of cholera outbreaks in the mid-19th century
resulted in the emergence of a public health debate and the
social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, argued for waste removal
and its safe management to improve health.
In 1846, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act
started the ball rolling for the ever-evolving regulation of
waste management with the creation of bin men. Amongst
the aims were the removal of all refuse from houses, streets
and roads by local authorities. With the introduction of the
Public Health Act of 1875, every household had to deposit
their weekly refuse in a movable receptacle for disposal and
so the dustbin was born. The measures introduced did not
solve the problem of where to put the waste when it had Scavengers at a Victorian refuse tip
been collected.
Horse-drawn open-backed carts were the first collection vehicles used and these were followed by steam
driven trucks at the close of the 19th century. These vehicles soon developed screw systems and finally
the hydraulic ram. Hydraulic rams have been used ever since, having been refined over the years.
In Victorian times, the refuse was dumped on out-of-town
sites, in rivers, on the marshes and out at sea. Landfill was
the preferred method of waste management by burying the
refuse in a big hole and this method is still used today. The
refuse dumps were scavenged by poor people who picked
out material that could be sold, such as bottles, rags, bones,
worn shoes, bits of coal, paper, etc. For example, the coal
ash (dust) had a market value for brickmaking and as a soil
improver, rags were made into paper, string was sent to mat
makers, old boots and shoes were sold to manufacturers of
a pigment called Prussian-blue, tin objects were melted
down and formed into other metal objects, dung was used
by leather tanners, bones were ground up for fertiliser, fat
Scavenging
and marrow was sold to soap or glue-makers and valuables
such as jewellery and coins were sold to pawnbrokers.
With industrialisation greater prosperity led to an increase in consumerism and saw the widespread
introduction and sale of the packaged product and items such as ceramic pots, glass bottles and tins
became typical ways to store perishable goods. So, the disposal of refuse became particularly acute with
this new throw-away-society. By the 1880s and the 1890s, household products, such as polish, creams,
glues, etc., were now being made by manufacturers rather than being made up in the home for personal
use. With manufacturing came packaging which increased the amount of refuse as many of the
containers of commercial products were not re-used as
they were with homemade items. Also, the increasing
population led to many coal fires which produced a large
quantity of ash, cinders and dust.
The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the
creation of the first incineration plants or destructors. In
1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham, but
Great Yarmouth had to wait until 1902 for the refuse
destructor to be erected on Caister Road. It was bombed
in July 1942 and its surviving chimney was demolished
the following month as it was considered to be a marker
for enemy aircraft. However, the incinerators were met
with opposition because of the large amounts of ash that
they produced which wafted over the neighbouring areas.
Victorian refuse cart

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Today, as environmental issues become ever
more urgent such as pollution and the
unsustainable consumption of natural
resources, waste disposal methods have had
to advance with more emphasis on reclaiming
usable materials from refuse and turning what
is left into energy using several different
technologies. The goal these days is to have
as little as possible wasted.

Modern refuse tip

At the Archaeology Society’s meeting in November 2021,

Dr. Tom Licence, the Professor of Medieval History and
Consumer Culture at the University of East Anglia and an
active researcher into refuse tips as a good source of
information about people’s past lives, presented a lecture
on What the Victorians Threw Away.
In April 2018, he had led a dig on the northern part of the
Beaconsfield Road Recreation Ground in Great
Yarmouth. The ground was created in the 1890s by
levelling up the sand dunes with dry domestic waste, ash
and cinders and covering it with turf. The excavation
revealed a vast array of soft drink bottles, clay pipes and
ornaments. Among the finds were ginger beer and
lemonade bottles and the remains of shellfish and a
measured half pint cup from a public house. The ground
had been levelled quickly so the refuse had not been
scavenged by the Victorians.
During the question-and-answer session after the lecture,
the Chairman of the Society revealed that in 1981, when
an extension was built onto his house in North Denes
Road, the builders had to dig to a depth of several feet to
find solid sand on which to place the foundations. During
the excavations several pieces of refuse was found
including glass bottles, clay pipes and ceramics. At that
time local knowledge said that the houses in the area had
been built on refuse tips.

Yarmouth Independent 12th October 1895 The finds from the first pit

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This fact intrigued Dr. Licence and he asked for permission to dig in the garden of the Chairman’s house,
which had been built in 1928. This was granted and he dug several pits on six occasions going down to a
depth of about five to six feet before he reached solid sand. During the excavation several pieces of
refuse were uncovered giving a snapshot of life in everyday Great Yarmouth in the Victorian period.
Under the topsoil was a layer of hard packed cinders and clinker, which was probably transported down
Mill Road in the 1920s from the destructor to overlay the refuse, which had been covered with a thin layer
of sand. The refuse excavated was dated to 1889 to 1892 being earlier than the Beaconsfield site, which
had been dated to around 1896. However, the fourth pit dug in the garden was dated to the late 1880s. In
total about 600 items of discarded material was found. Of course, all the organic material had decayed.

LEMONADE: 4 oz of fresh
lemon juice, half an ounce of
thinly peeled fresh lemon
peel and 4 oz of sugar. Add
to 3 pints of boiling water,
when cold strain.
HAIR CREAM: Soak ½ lb of
beef marrow and a pound of
unsalted fresh lard in water
for 2 to 3 days, sieve it, when
dry place in a jar, place in
water and place on a fire.
When liquid place in a basin
and beat in two spoonfuls of
brandy. Add essence of
lemon or other to scent.
COUGH MEDICINE FOR
CHILDREN: Three drachms
of ipecacuanha wine, five
Large scale map of the dig area 1884/85 drachms of Tolu, one ounce
of mucilage of gum arabic,
mix well. Dose; a teaspoon
every 1 to 2 hours.
INK: 1 lb of nut galls, 6 oz of
gum Arabic 6 oz of copperas,
4 pints of water.
BLACKING FOR STOVES: ½
lb of lead powder, mix with
the whites of 3 eggs and
dilute with sour beer or
porter.
DIARRHOEA TREATMENT:
20 drops of laudanum, 4½ oz
of chalk mixture, ½ oz of
tincture of cinnamon and 2 oz
of cinnamon water.

Examples of homemade
recipes for use before
manufactured goods were
generally on sale. Taken from
the book Facts and Hints for
Everyday Life (A Book for the
Household) 1873. It was
Large scale map of the dig area with a modern overlay
economical to re-use
containers for these items
A large-scale map of the area in the 1880s showed a track, later Mill Road
and from 1906, Hamilton Road, leading from Caister Road. The track crossed the future North Denes
Road onto the North Denes across the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway line to the vicinity of the
rifle range. Abutting the track are marked pits, where the refuse was dumped. Whether these pits were
natural or dug out for the purpose is not known. They were described as muck holes by the council.
There is mention in the Corporation’s minutes of naturally occurring pits. In 1876, it is noted: The surveyor
has selected a site on the east side of Cemetery Road (now Kitchener Road) for the deposit of refuse as
there is a hollow place here which could be filled up.

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Later, the refuse pits were covered to allow for the development of Great Yarmouth northwards and also
to obliterate the offensive smells that emanated from them and these were deemed not only to pose a
health problem but were a nuisance to the public. However, this did not seem to have been satisfactorily
carried out as there were several letters written to the Yarmouth Independent newspaper:
To the Editor of the Yarmouth Independent 1891 written by R. Wright of Beaconsfield Road.
As an inhabitant of New Town, I feel that it is my duty to complain greatly against the rubbish being shot
here, as is at present the case. The stench arising is so bad and injurious to health that my wife and two
children have been laid up. It is not only the smell I complain of, but they are constantly burning rubbish
all day and if you ask the firm to put it out, you get strong language in return. We are being overrun with
rats from the same source.
To the Editor of the Yarmouth Independent written by two ratepayers of North Ward 1893.
There is a dreadful stench arising from the refuse and rubbish that is shot up from time to time on the
piece of waste ground between the Recreation Ground and the Corporation’s stone yard. We have
complained about it several times in the past and nothing has been done to abate the nuisance. These
last two weeks it has been most unbearable during the hot weather and those who work nearby have
been made ill. We might add that the men employed by the Corporation to cover the refuse pass by it
each day but take no notice, so we suppose they have no sense of smell.
It is interesting to note that Ormond Road was better known in 1882 by its old title, Muck-holes Road and
until the latter part of the 19th century a large part of the North Denes was a described as a desolate and
wild area and a haven for wild life. The Unemployment (Relief Works) Act, 1920 gave government grants
for public works schemes to reduce unemployment in the United Kingdom. With this grant most of the
North and South Denes were levelled for future buildings and roads.
The profusion of drink bottles found in the dig indicates the effect that the propaganda of the Victorian
temperance movement had on the drinking habits of the nation from about 1860. This propaganda
caused a swing away from alcoholic to soft drinks and the manufacture of minerals, particularly ginger
beer, boomed. Previously, it had been made on a small scale by chemists, but now it was produced by
specialist firms in vast quantities.

North Denes Mill (on Mill Road) showing a pit by Stephen Batchelder

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 Map of the area c1910

Historic photograph of North Denes The destructor after it was bombed

Digging a pit The first pit

The second pit

The finds from the second pit

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 Material Unearthed

Four glass bottles (the tallest 17cm)

Left: Heavy aqua fizzy drink bottle embossed

Lawrence, Yarmouth. The neck took an internal
screw stopper (18 cms tall).
Right: two Bovril Limited bottles. A metal plate
with letters in relief was placed in the mould to
produce embossing.
Henry Lawrence and Son was established in
Beccles in 1860. By 1865, the firm was present
in Great Yarmouth. They were manufacturers of
soda water, ginger bear, syrups etc. The firm
continued into the 1970s. A collection of ceramics including a souvenir A Present….
Bovril is a thick and salty meat extract paste
developed in the 1870s. It was sold in a
distinctive bulbous jar. Bovril is now owned and
distributed by Unilever. Early Bovril bottles from
the 1890s bear the registration number and the
Farringdon Street address. Until about 1913-14,
Bovril bottles were hand-finished and will have a
seam that ends before the lip. After that, they
were machine-made, and the seam will run
through the lip at the top of the bottle The
larger bottle marked: Rd 100848

Whisky bottle with a surviving

degraded label (30 cm tall)

Button
Advertisement 1895

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 Cinders from the destructor

A collection of sea shells.

Shellfish including whelks, cockles, and
oysters were sold from stands along the
seafront
Doll’s tea set: saucer (5 cm
diameter), tureen lid (2.5 cm
diameter) and a doll’s arm
Ceramic doll’s arms (3.5 cm long),
head and legs. Legs and arms
were sewn onto the doll’s cloth
body

Probable
bone knife Small glass
handle bottle Doll’s tea set (saucer 4.5 cm diameter) and mug (3 cm high)
(9 cm long) (7.5 cm high)

Blue ink bottle with burst-off lip for a tight-fitting cork held in place with wax
with moulded pen rests on the top. Right ink bottle ribbed on the sides
Bottles of ink of this size cost a penny and were widely available. The
glassblower allowed a bubble to form which burst allowing the bottle to be Doll’s jug (4.5 cm tall)
detached from the blowpipe leaving a jagged edge. A cheaper method
than forming a roll top
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 Small stoneware pot
(6.5 cm tall) Souvenir ware

Broken sherry glass

Ceramic pots, one ribbed: (smaller pot 8 cm

tall). For jam or marmalade

Unknown bone object

and a knife

Glass bottle embossed Owbridge’s

of Hull lung tonic (13 cm tall) and a
blue vase (17 cm tall)
Walter Thomas Owbridge was a
pharmacist in Hull and in 1874 he
invented a cough mixture. It sold
well, becoming popular amongst
fishermen who had to face the
Arctic waters. Owbridge’s factory
closed in 1972
Two plain bottles, one bottle embossed Floriline,
London and a medicine bottle marked with
tablespoons (12 cm tall)

Medicine bottle
marked with
Advertisement 1895 teaspoons (8 cm tall) Advertisement 1890
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Two clear glass bottles and a beer bottle embossed Stoneware brown bottles the tallest
Steward and Patteson, Norwich and in a circle SPF being 16 cms
and Co (22 cm tall).
In 1837, Steward and Patterson acquired Peter Bird ornament
Finch's brewery, at which stage the company (9.5 cm tall)
became Steward, Patteson, Finch & Company. For
centuries beer was the only safe drink available. It
was drunk in great quantities in the Victorian age.
In the 1870s, thirty-four gallons per every adult and
child in the country were drunk a year. During the
second half of the 19th century many small
breweries sprung up which were eventually taken
over by large combines

Broken ceramic paint palate

(7.5 cm x 12 cm) stamped
George Rowney and
Company, artists’ colour
and pencil makers.
It began business in
London in 1783 selling
perfumes and wig powder,
becoming artists' colourmen
at the end of the century

Bottle embossed with Warners Safe Nervine,

London and an embossed safe.
Nervine was made by the Miles Medical Company
Rochester, New York and was founded in 1885 and
was a big player in the patent medicine market. The
original Nervine contained bromine, which was the
first non-narcotic sedative chemical. Invented in the
mid-19th century, it was the go-to medication for
epilepsy and agitation, until the invention of
barbiturates in the early 20th century. Hulbert
Warner started his career as a fireproof safe
salesman, but his business really began to boom
when he started selling his own brand of remedies
A half-pint glass bottle in the 1880s. He was considered to be the patent
embossed with Warners medicine king with so-called safe products. The
Safe Cure London Advertisement 1892 base for operations in London was a large five
floored building at 36 Clerkenwell Road
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 A sauce bottle (15 cm tall), a glass bottle with sediment
Green bottle and a brown stoneware bottle
(16 cm tall)
Left: glass bottle
Embossed St Jacobs
Oel, the Charles
Vogeler Co Baltimore
Right: glass USA (16 cm tall).
bottle St. Jacob’s Oil, a
embossed A J liniment, was one of
White. An the common
American proprietary remedies
Stoneware bottle with pouring company
lip impressed Bourne, Denby for rheumatism and
registered in other aches and pains
Potteries (18 cm tall). London in 1884 in the 19th and early
at 35 20th centuries. Its
Farringdon advertisements were
Road, London. not only painted on
It was a barns but on fences
manufacturer of and even rocks,
patent proclaiming, “St.
medicines, Jacob’s Oil Conquers
including Pain.” Sometimes the
A stoneware and earthenware Mother Seigel's
manufacturer at Bourne's remedy was touted in
Syrup verse.
Pottery, Denby, Derbyshire was
established in 1809. In March August Vogeler (1819
1970, Joseph Bourne & Son Ltd -1908) came to the
became a public company, United States from
listed on the Stock Exchange Germany in his early
under the new name twenties and by 1845
Denbyware Ltd. with Joseph he had become a
Bourne & Son Ltd. and the drug manufacturer,
Langley Mill Pottery Ltd. as operating as A
subsidiary companies Vogeler & Co.,
Baltimore. In the
1870s he partnered
with his eldest son,
Charles A and John
H. Winkleman, and
sometime after 1878
they began to
manufacture and
promote what their
early embossed
bottles spelled (in
German) ST.
JAKOBS OEL. It was
marketed as late as
Broken bowl stamped 1942
Made in Germany

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 Jam jar (11 cm tall) and glass bottle (14 cm tall)

Fizzy drink bottles

Left: Heavy blob-top aqua glass mineral water bottle embossed
Hunt Son and Co Norwich and Yarmouth (21 cm tall). Hunt’s
was founded in 1840 and production ceased in 1968. Such
bottles would have taken a cork and were returnable.
Right: A Codd bottle embossed F Allen, Great Yarmouth,
patent sale approved, Don Rylands, Barnsley. Frederick Allen
was listed as the licensee of the Crown Hotel, 177 King Street,
between 1890 and 1897. He then took over the licence at the
Norfolk Tavern at 1 Middlegate Street, later to become known
as the Middlegate Distillery and by 1930 the public house took
on the family name of Allen’s. Frederick’s son Samuel James
Allen took over the running of the business. By 1900, S. J.
Allen was listed as licensee at 2 Middlegate Street and at the
Talbot, 2 Howard Street. Collection of ceramics

The Codd bottle originated in 1875 where a glass marble is

forced against a rubber seal by the pressure of the contents to
seal it. Although Ben Rylands was a successful bottle maker
prior to his association with Hiram Codd in 1873, the two
became partners in 1877, remaining together until Rylands’
death in 1881, pairing Rylands’ manufacturing skills with Codd’s
inventive genius in his series of patents using a marble as an
internal stopper for soda bottles. Rylands’ son, Dan, replaced
his father, but the pairing was not a comfortable one, and they
separated in 1884. After Codd’s death in 1887, Rylands
continued the production of Codd-stoppered bottles. Although
Dan Rylands committed suicide in 1910, his firm continued the
production of Codd-stoppered bottles until 1926. Eventually the
Codd declined in popularity and was replaced by William
Painter’s crown cap. The simplicity, low cost, and ease of
application (and removal) of the crown made all other forms of
closures obsolete. It took several years after Painter’s initial
patent in 1892 for the new invention to gain widespread use,
but it completely dominated the soft-drink and brewing
industries by 1914. In 1889, Dan Rylands of Barnsley patented
the screwcap. It provided a simple and convenient alternative to
cork closures used to close wine and whisky bottles

Two glass bottles.

Tallest 20.5 cm tall
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 Cobalt blue ribbed bottle embossed
Sulpholine. (11 cm tall). Advertisement 1895.
By the mid-19th century public concern over
accidental and non-accidental poisonings
had reached the point where the British
government took action. In 1863, a Bill for
the Prevention of Accidental Poisoning was
introduced to Parliament. The bill called for
all poisons to be stored in special hexagonal
bottles prominently labelled poison along
with directions for use. Although the bill did
not pass, many companies around the world
adopted special bottles for poisons.

The two main colours adopted were cobalt

blue and an emerald green. The bottles also
had distinctive shapes often with raised ribs
or other designs and raised letters with the Bottle embossed Mellin’s Infant food
word poison. Two factors were at play, London. (16 cm tall).
firstly, many people were illiterate so the
Until the middle of the 19th century,
colour would be associated with poison and infant food was generally made at
secondly, in dim light the bottles would have home. Finely ground oats, rice and
a distinctive feel. barley were mixed with a liquid. The
first mass-produced baby foods
were manufactured in the mid-19th
century. These were substitutes for
mother’s milk. Mellin’s was the most
widely used. At that time, tainted
milk was often connected with infant
mortality. Advertisement 1892

Stoneware bottle
impressed D Newman
Yarmouth (16 cm tall).
His factory was located at
Stanley Terrace, Middle
Market Road from 1883
to c1920 Flagon engraved Barnby and Son, spirit
merchants, Yarmouth. In 1890, Barnby’s
had been taken over by Williams, Frere &
Co Wine and Spirit merchants of 148 King
Street

Stoneware ink pot

(5 cm tall)

16
 Hamilton glass bottle with stencilled Hunt and Son Yarmouth.
Bottles for mineral and soda water first appeared in the late
1600s. As a group, these bottles were thick to withstand
repeated fillings. After the introduction of artificially
carbonated water in 1832, the bottles were also required to
withstand the pressure of carbonation. By the mid-1800s
bottles made exclusively for soda and mineral water began to
appear. An early type of soda and mineral water container
was the round bottom, oval or torpedo style bottle introduced
China ornament. A child’s head wearing a by William Hamilton in 1814. They came into general use in
nightcap the 1840s and they remained popular for many decades.
These bottles were sealed tight with wired-down corks and
because of the shape of their bottoms meant that the bottles
were usually stored on their sides to stop the cork drying out.
The oval shaped bottle was stronger than its cylindrical
counterpoint and was more able to withstand the pressure
from its gaseous contents.
Round and torpedo bottles had what are known as blob tops.
The blob at the top of the bottle was applied separately to the
bottle and enabled the bottler to seal the bottle’s contents
with a swing-type enclosure, which was secured tightly below
the blob

Milk glass oil lampshade.

These were sold
containing oil/ paraffin,
with a wick through the
cork Sauce bottle Hamilton glass bottle embossed Hunt & Son Aerated Water
registration number Steam Works Norwich Yarmouth and Registered Trademark
1139 (1884-1887) (23 cm tall)

Embossed Jeyes
Fluid bottle
(15 cm tall).
Patented by John
Jeyes in 1877.
It was used in
medical
treatments. It
was a popular
choice for
households all
over the world
since the
Victorian era as a
disinfectant. In
Clear bottle registration 1896, it received
number 120542 (1889- Hexagonal glass a Royal Warrant
1892) and a green bottle bottle to the British
(31 cm tall) Broken vase (12.5 cm tall) Royal Family

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 Ribbed clay pipe Left: clay pipe bowl with flowers.
bowl Clay pipe bowl with Clay pipe bowl as a head Right: Royal Antediluvian Order of
flowers Buffaloes (RAOB and buffalo
Pipes made of clay were first smoked in England after the introduction of horns)
tobacco from Virginia in the late 16th Century by Walter Raleigh. The habit
spread quickly across the country and by the mid-17th century the
manufacture of clay pipes was a well-established trade. By 1680-1700,
almost every town in England had pipe makers and millions were produced.
The size of the pipe bowl was increased over the decades to allow more
tobacco to be consumed. Long pipes allowed a cooler smoke, but also broke
more easily and so they were often thrown away on the spot after use.
Almost every aspect of everyday life was celebrated on a clay pipe including:
plants, animals, birds, coats of arms, etc. The cigarette became widespread
when the cigarette-making machine was invented in 1881 and the use of
clay pipes waned.

Clay pipe bowl with a heart on one side and a hand and an eye and
sunburst on the other. Probably Masonic

Clay pipe bowl with African head.

Design registered early in 1890 Clay pipe with a basket patterned
bowl

Terracotta pipe, probably Chinese.

Possibly for opium

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 Clay pipe of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes (RAOB
and buffalo horns) with intact stem (15 cm long)

Clay pipe bowl decorated with fish scales

Broken terracotta tankard with winged cherubs playing pipes

(6.5 cm in diameter)

Glass Codd bottle embossed

Morgans Brewery Co Ltd Norwich
patent safe groove sole maker Dan
Rylands Barnsley (18.5 cm tall).
The Connisford Brewery was
established in Norwich in 1563. In
1844, when the Morgan family took
over the business, the purchase
included 54 public houses. Under Clay pipe stem with a fish emerging from
the control of the Morgans the
brewery and its tied estate
flourished and by 1904 the estate
amounted to 600 properties. The
brewery was bombed in 1942 and
brewing was temporarily transferred
to King’s Lynn until a new modern
brewery could be built on the old
site. In 1950, brewing
recommenced in Norwich but
Morgan’s went into voluntary
liquidation in 1961. They were
taken over by Bullards and Steward
& Patteson who shared the tied
estate between them and sold the
brewery to Watney Mann in 1976.
Advertisement 1898

Clay pipe imprinted Taylor on the stem and

Yarmouth on the other side.
James Taylor’s predecessor had shown a pipe
in the Paris Exhibition of 1878, claiming it was
the largest pipe in the world. From his small
factory in Row 47, he sent his high quality
churchwarden and short pipes far and wide

19
 Glass jar embossed Chivers Cambridge
(15 cm tall).
The Chivers family were market gardeners in
Cambridgeshire and decided to enter the jam
market. By 1875, their factory had been opened
next to Histon railway station and they produced
stone jars containing two, four or six pounds of
jam, with glass jars first used in 1885. Over the
next decade they added marmalade to their wares.
This was followed by their clear dessert jelly
(1889), and then lemonade, mincemeat, custard
powder and Christmas puddings. By the end of
the 19th century, Chivers had become one of the
largest manufacturers of preserves in the world. In
1959, the farms and factories were sold to
Schweppes. In 1986, the firm was sold to Premier
Foods and Chivers was re-branded as Hartley’s in
2004. It is now owned by Hain Celestial

Plain stoneware pot with

remnants of a label. Stamped
Canal Potteries Old Kent
Road London T Smith and
Company.
(14 cm tall).
T. Smith was one of the many
Lambeth potteries of the late
1800s along with Doulton.
Gradually some failed and
several others, including Tom
Smith's were eventually taken
over by Doulton. The pottery
was located on the west
side of the Grand Surrey
Canal to the north of the Old
Kent Road Ceramic plate, possibly a plant or a teapot
stand. No maker’s mark. (16 cm in diameter)

Glass bead
(1 cm in diameter) Medicine bottle with
embossed lines for
Sauce bottle and decayed label (19.5 cm tall)
doses. (16 cm tall)

20
 Glass bottle embossed Benzine Collas A Paris
(15 cm tall). Advertisement 1899

Glass bottle embossed

Hauthaway’s Peerless Gloss
Bottle embossed Yorkshire (12.5 cm tall)
Relish Goodall Backhouse
and Co with decayed label Hauthaway’s company was
(19 cm tall) established in 1852 and
Advertisement 1899 manufactured protective
coatings for shoes
Goodall, Backhouse,
manufacturing chemists
was established in 1837 in
Leeds as Bell and Brooke,
producing a range of
products, including baking
powder, mushroom
ketchup, ginger beer
powder and what the
company described as its
celebrated Yorkshire
Relish. It consisted of
shallots, soy sauce, garlic
and malt vinegar using a
family recipe of 1865.
Eight million bottles were
sold in 1885. The company
has been sold several
times and the sauce is now
made in Ireland

Slate pencil for schools

Octagonal bottle
(12 cm tall)

21
 Round glass
bottle
(12.5 cm tall) Clear bottle embossed Cheeseborough MFGC Vaseline.
Chesebrough Manufacturing Company was an oil business which
produced petroleum jelly or vaseline which was marketed with the brand name
Luxor. It was founded in 1859. Chesebrough and Ponds Creams merged in
1955. In 1987, Chesebrough-Ponds was acquired by the Anglo-Dutch
company Unilever

Stoneware pot with lip

(11 cm tall). Probably
contained ink for
filling inkwells Broken ornament

Glass bottle neck featuring a

woman with long hair and a
Collar stud robe (12 cm long) Wine bottle with a deep punt
(19.5 cm tall)
22
 Leaflet advertising Branson Coffee
Extract. The title includes engravings
of two spades as opposed to the
actual words. The extract is instant
coffee and contains no chicory which
Brown glass bottle with decayed label stating call a spade a spade is said to be noxious and
Branson’s coffee extract (14 cm tall) unwholesome causing injury to the
digestive system

Advertisement 1877

Jug with a broken handle Brush with a wooden handle (11 cm long)
(11 cm tall)

Damaged
pen rest
(19 cm long)
Glass bottle embossed
Boutall’s bronchial cough
balsam (10.5 cm tall)

23
Hamilton glass bottle heavily embossed Aerated Waters Steam Works Norwich and Yarmouth
Trademark S & Co Registered Hunt Son & Co

Bottle embossed
T Scott Emulsion
(15 cm tall).
Scott’s Emulsion
contained sufficient
Vitamin A and Vitamin D
units to meet daily
dosage requirements.
Cod-liver oil has a highly
disagreeable taste and
smell. In 1873, Alfred B
Scott came to New York
City and, along with
partner Samuel W.
Bowne, began
experimenting to
produce a less
nauseating preparation
of cod-liver oil. Three
years later they
established the firm of
Scott and Bowne and
Typical cologne bottle
began marketing their
with two flat sides and
product as Scott’s
the rest of the sides
Emulsion. In the 1890s, Scott emulsion being round
Scott and Bowne had advertisement 1884 (12 cm tall)
factories in Canada,
England, Spain,
Portugal, Italy and
France.
This purplish embossed
bottle was used around
1876 to 1890

Large round stoneware bottle

(28 cm tall) probably used
when filled with hot water as
a foot warmer in carriages or
Probably a lid Vase (7cm tall) drawing rooms or in the bed

24
 Ironstone potted meat fragments Baby’s glass feeding bottle
R Seager of Ipswich. embossed Princess Feeding Bottle
(12 cm wide).
Seager’s was established in 1839 and
manufactured Seager’s noted Suffolk
hams. Advertised as Seager’s Ipswich
pork sausages and as Seager’s Ipswich
potted meats (beef, ham, savoury) and are
without a rival for exquisite flavour. Nothing
of the kind is cheaper or nicer including,
Seager’s pure homemade lard and
Seager’s Ipswich collared head

Baby’s glass feeding bottle

embossed Alexandra Maw
Son & Thompson, medical
and surgical suppliers.
Founded in 1828 and traded
at 7-12 Aldersgate, London

From 1850, the feeding bottle gave into the demands of modern
society, which called for products that were tough, practical and
inexpensive. Invented in 1860, the long tube feeding bottle
responded to this demand. The glass flask, equipped with a
rubber tube, allowed the infant to more or less feed itself.
Although initially acclaimed for its practical nature, the killer tube
was banned in 1910 as it proved to be a breeding ground for
bacteria. They soon gained another name: murder bottles. Two
popular brands were the Princess and the Alexandra and in a
typical appeal to patriotism and snobbery were named after
members of the Royal Family

Teapot with a broken spout

Stoneware bottle impressed Hunt
Son & Co and trademark
(17 cm tall)

25
 Three small glass bottles (tallest 3 cm)
Slightly curved glass hip
flask. Would have had a
basket or metal cover
(15 cm tall)

Probable
fossilised
piece of wood
Glass bottle for Worcester
sauce embossed Mellon
& Co (18.5 cm tall)
Advertisement 1884.

Green glass bottle (16 cm

tall) embossed Snow Hill B
W London. John Lea and William
This bottle contained a Perrins, chemists started
product of Burroughs to make their
Wellcome & Company, a Worcestershire Sauce in
London based the back of their chemist
pharmaceutical company shop in Worcester in
established in 1880 by two 1837. Mellor & Co., a
American pharmacists, competitor, introduced
Silas Burroughs and Henry Worcestershire Sauce at
Wellcome. The company Malvern in 1874
continued to trade until
1994, when it merged with
Glaxo becoming the
modern pharmaceutical
conglomerate of
GlaxoSmithKline. Snow
Hill in London was the
company's first business
premises, from which they
continued to operate until it
was destroyed during the
Blitz Glass bottle with degraded label stating plums
(28 cm tall)

26
 Large Keiller
and Son’s
Dundee
Marmalade
ceramic pot
(14 cm tall)
Victorian shoes; one showing a very worn sole and another
hobnails

Keiller and Son’s Dundee Marmalade

(9.5 cm tall)
A very popular brand at the time.
White ceramic, transfer-printed pot,
made by Maling of Newcastle.
In 1797, Janet Keiller made the first
batch of marmalade, after her grocer
husband brought a distressed cargo
of Seville oranges at the harbour at
Dundee. A factory was set up to
produce Dundee Marmalade
containing thick chunks of orange
rind. The recipe was a new twist on
the already well-known fruit preserve
of orange marmalade. The company
was acquired in 1920 by Crosse and
Blackwell. In 2008 it became part of
Premier Foods

Glass bottle embossed

Caley Norwich and a
trademark (25 cm tall).
A J Caley established a
chemist’s shop in
Windsor and moved to
Norwich in 1857. He
began to manufacture
soft drinks from 1862
and it was the largest
part of its trade by 1881.
As the soft drinks trade
was seasonal, Caley
began to produce
drinking chocolate from
1883, followed by eating
chocolate from 1886.
They employed 700
workers in 1904. This
had risen to 1,200 by
1912. The company
was taken over several
times. The Caley’s
brand name was phased
out in the early 1960s.
The Norwich factory was Glass torpedo bottle
closed in 1994 and embossed Caley
demolished ten years Norwich
later. Pharmaceutical
Chemist (18 cm tall)
27
 Jar embossed Edward Pink.
Edward and Thomas Pink were a
wholesale confectioner and marmalade
and jam manufacturer. The business was
established by Edward Pink when he
opened a jam and pickle factory in
Bermondsey, London in the late 1880s.
Edward Pink was a highly principled man
whose aim was to produce good quality
food made with real, pure ingredients. It
was a time before health regulations and
the food safety rules that are the norm
today. For example, chalk or other white
powders were often added to flour, and
meat was often from animals that were
diseased. Tea could be adulterated with
sulphate of iron and lead, and mercury
could be present in confectionery. Pinks'
factory was soon producing pickles,
jams, confectionery, candied peels and
spices. By the end of the 19th Century,
Edward and Thomas Pink were said to
be the largest manufacturer of
marmalade in the world. The Pinks’
company was acquired by the food
manufacturer, Crosse and Blackwell
around 1920. The Bermondsey factory
was demolished in 1935.
Advertisement 1890

Codd glass bottles embossed W B Neslen, a

registered trademark (a star), Great Yarmouth
and the bottle maker’s name Rylands and Co
Barnsley (right: 16 cm tall, weight 14.5 oz).
Left: neck of bottle broken to retrieve the glass
ball to use as a marble. The glass of the mineral
water bottles was thick as they were used many
times. They were returnable to claim a deposit.
The mineral water and ginger beer
manufacturing business of William Bond Neslen
was established in 1860 at 73 Middlegate Street
making ginger beer, soda, seltzer, and other
aerated mineral waters and syrups for all
cordials. His son William George Bond took
over the business during the late 1880s. Trading
continued until 1905 when the business was put
up for auction

28
 Tureen lid with a lion handle

Broken motto cup.

Let the faults of others remind thee of
thine own
Broken glass bottle embossed
Wine and Spirit Merchant
Kings Lynn

Broken mug (10 cm tall)

Small piece of wax found in

a bottle

Glass bottle embossed Willcox Gibbs

sewing machine special oil
(11.5 cm tall).
The Willcox and Gibbs Sewing
Machine Company was founded in
1857 in America with the first
Probable salt cellar (6 cm tall) machines being completed in 1858.
The company had a London office in
1861. The Company closed in 1973
Ceramic
oval
with a
drill hole
Glass bottle heavily embossed through
H Lawrence and Sons Yarmouth it (3 cm
Beccles Saxmundham with a long)
trademark (21.5cm tall)

29
 Teapot lid (5 cm in diameter)

Ceramic bowl

A cloudy bottle due to glass

sickness embossed
I Spencer Great Yarmouth
T Turner maker Dewsbury
(22.5 cm tall)
Glass sickness is a
degradation process caused
by an inherent instability in
the chemical composition of Stoneware pot for furniture polish
the original glass formula. with degraded label (11 cm tall)
Isaac Spencer was the
landlord at the Blue Anchor Stoneware pot impressed
public house, the Market Lawrence of Gt Yarmouth
Place at the corner of Row Beccles Saxmundham.
24. He had established (16.5 cm tall)
Bottle
himself as a ginger beer stoppers
manufacturer by 1883. By and
1890, he was listed at a trademark
mineral water factory at
7b St. Nicholas Road and he
continued trading from this
site until 1900

30
 Glass jar embossed Eno’s Fruit Salt (17.5 cm tall)
In 1852, the British pharmacist James Crossley Eno started selling a fruit salt mixture
from his pharmacy in the port at Newcastle upon Tyne. Eno gave away his mixture
to seafarers at the port, and in this way the name Eno became associated with fruit
salts around the world. In 1868, he formally founded the company Eno's Fruit Salt
Works. As the pharmaceutical industry moved away from cure-all patent medicines
in the mid-20th century, Eno’s Fruit Salt became one of the few surviving products of
its kind.
Eno’s Fruit Salt has been on the market since the 1850s. It has been sold as a
remedy for stomach upset and gastric over indulgence since its creation. However,
originally it had a slightly different composition, containing sodium bicarbonate,
tartaric acid and sodium bitartrate. It is currently manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline
and is sold in large quantities worldwide, particularly in India. It is commonly used in
Indian cooking as a leavening agent, similar in use to baking soda. Its ingredients
are now sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and citric acid

Advertisement 1890
HOW TO AVOID THE INJURIOUS
EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS.
The present system of living; partaking of
too rich food, such as pastry, saccharine,
and fatty substances, alcoholic drinks, and
an insufficient amount of exercise
frequently deranges the liver. I would
advise all bilious people, unless they are
careful to keep the liver acting freely, to
exercise great care in the use of alcoholic
drinks, avoid sugar, and always dilute with
water. Experience shows that sugar, pink
or chemically coloured sherbet, mild ales,
port wine, dark sherries, sweet
champagne, liqueurs and brandies are all
very apt to disagree, while light white wine,
and gin or whiskey largely diluted with
soda-water, will be found the least
objectionable. ENO’S FRUIT SALT is Advertisement 1911
peculiarly adapted for any constitutional
weakness of the liver; it possesses the
power of reparation when digestion has Brown stoneware pot with lip for ink’
been disturbed or lost and places the impressed Doulton Lambeth
invalid on the right track to health. A world (11 cm tall).
of woes is avoided by those who keep and The Doulton factory was established
use ENO’S FRUIT SALT; therefore no in Lambeth, South London in 1815
family should ever be without it. by John Doulton. The Lambeth
CAUTION: Examine each bottle and see factory closed in 1956 due to the
that it is marked ENO’S FRUIT SALT. clean air regulations preventing the
Without it you have been imposed on by a urban production of salt glaze.
worthless and occasionally poisonous Following closure, work was
imitation transferred to the Potteries

31
 Small bottle embossed
John Gosnell & Co.
John Gosnell and
Company traces its roots
back to 1677 and is the
oldest cosmetics
manufacturer in the United
Kingdom. Over the first
150 years the company
changed its name a
number of times from John
Price through to Price &
Gosnell to John Gosnell.
In 1760, the company
decided to fully devote
itself to cosmetics, soap
and perfume manufacture.
During the reign of Queen
Victoria, the company
Unknown object Cracked wine glass expanded globally with its
containing liquid, (13.5 cm tall) found Cherry Blossom, Famora
possibly mercury amongst several broken and Society ranges
(8 cm tall). glasses becoming major household
Possible piece of a names. The company was
barometer at the forefront of
innovative advertising; for
example, flying perfume
bottle shaped hot air
balloons over Paris and
London. It was taken over
by the Warner family in the
1930s and the company
moved to Lewes in East Modern
Sussex and was re- Gosnell
invigorated and today product
remains one of the finest
examples of an
independent cosmetic
house

Broken mug
Heavy bottle with a fouled anchor on its base (8.5 cm
tall). Possibly from the Royal Naval Hospital in Great
Yarmouth

Shaving brush handle labelled improved badger hair

32
Glass bottle embossed Singer Manufacturing Company Extra Quality
Machine Oil (12.5 cm tall). There was a Singer Sewing Machine
shop at 160 King Street from 1884 to 1906
Shells not native to the United
Kingdom probably purchased from
a seafront souvenir shop

Glass bottle embossed Rising Sun Metal Polish.

The Rising Sun Stove Polish Company was started by Elijah Morse, who after his
service in the American Civil War, began selling stove polish (blacking) door to
door based upon a formula gained from a Harvard Chemistry Professor. By the
1850s, kitchens were equipped with a cast iron cooking range. Cast iron can rust
and keeping the fixture polished was accomplished with blacking. By 1883,
Morse had built his own factory in Massachusetts. The demand for stove polish
dropped as kitchen appliances improved forcing the company to close by 1914.
Morse’s formula was not necessarily unique; it was, however, incredibly well
advertised

Fluted glass bottle

(18.5 cm tall)

33
 Glass botte
embossed on
four sides
Congreve’s
elixir
celebrated
balsam for
coughs,
hooping
cough &
asthma

Stoneware bottle impressed

Balding Bros. Their mineral
water works were at 25
Middlegate Road in Great
Yarmouth.
In 1891, Balding Brothers
were sued under the
Merchandised Marks Act by
two other Great Yarmouth
mineral water
manufacturers, Hunt and The report of the General Medical
Wilshak, for using their Council in the Lancet, December 1894
bottles for Balding’s
products. It was found that
in three cases marked
Balding Bros. all the bottles
were from other
manufacturers. Balding
Bros. were found guilty and
fined.

Black bottle embossed Kreochyle

Alfred Wire formed a partnership with Professor Barff
some time prior to 1883. Barff had received a medal for
his work on boro-glyceride, a compound of boric acid and
glycerine that was generally used as an antiseptic and a
food preservative. Barff was also famous for the
development of the Bower-Barff process for protecting
iron from rust. They also produced and sold a food
supplement named Kreochyle, which was a meat extract
in boroglyceride. Their Kreochyle Company sold both the
Glass Codd bottle Kreochyle meat product and boroglyceride. At the 1884
embossed Balding Bros International Health Exhibition, the Kreochyle Company
with blue top. The blue exhibited their liquid meat as a food for invalids and
top enabled their bottles infants containing, in addition to other meat extractives,
to be easily picked out the whole of the soluble albumen of the meat in an
from other brands uncoagulated and easily digestible form

34
 Three glass bottles (tallest 15 cm high)

Glass flask for whisky or other

spirits. Called a coffin bottle
Stoneware bottle
because of its shape.
imprinted W B Neslen of
(17 cm tall)
Gt Yarmouth (17 cm tall).
Imprinting text on
stoneware bottles
commenced in Yarmouth
in c1892

Glass bottle containing probable

varnish. Embossed Winsor Newton
London with the trademark
(6.5 cm tall)

Ceramic door knob and

small white ceramic pot
for potted meat

Glass bottle embossed Wheeler

London Soft White Hands
Burnt saucer from child’s toy set (6.5 cm tall)
having been through the destructor.
(4 cm in diameter) Drilled heart. Probably
from a necklace
(1.5 cm long)
35
 .

Blue bottle with cork containing gripe water embossed Woodward Chemist Nottingham
(15 cm tall).
Gripe water was invented in 1851 by William Woodward, a pharmacist, who later bought
a business in Nottingham. Gripe water was adopted as a prescription by physicians. In
the 1840s, babies in Eastern England had a condition known as fen fever, and during that
time there was also an outbreak of malaria in England. Woodward took his inspiration
from the treatments for malaria and fen fever. He noted that the formula used to treat fen
Brown glass bottle fever was an effective soother of fretful babies and provided relief from gastrointestinal
embossed coffee troubles in infants. The original Woodward's Gripe Water contained 3.6% alcohol, dill oil,
extract sodium bicarbonate, sugar and water. Woodward registered Gripe Water as a trademark
W P Branson in 1876. It was initially marketed with the slogan: Granny told Mother and Mother told me.
(17 cm tall) The modern era formula for Woodward's Gripe water does not contain alcohol or sugar.
Before alcohol's removal from the recipe, Woodward's maximum recommended dose of
gripe water contained an alcohol content equivalent to five tots of whiskey for an 80 kg
adult. It was only in 1992 that Britain mandated that alcohol be removed from Gripe
Water.
Advertisement 1898

Glass bottle embossed Kananga (24 cm tall).

Kananga Water is a fragrant, alcohol-based
perfume. Kananga plantations were first
established in Jamaica in the 19th century by
the British. This highly spiritual fragrance has a
strong, sweet scent and is made primarily from
the ylang-ylang flower. The orange colour of the
water comes from its yellowish-orange petals of
the flowers. It is suitable for both men and
women. And this powerful perfume can be used
in a variety of ways.
Kananga Water is used in Santeria, Hoodoo,
and other magical practices. It is frequently
incorporated into rituals of purification and in
memorialising departed ancestors, Kananga
water is very popular among people of African
descent in the United States and the Caribbean.
It is similar to Florida Water, in that it is known
for its cleansing and protective effects.
Advertisement 1904

36
 Two clear bottles with decayed labels and a
square green bottle (7.5 to 9 cm tall)
A ceramic pot (7 cm in diameter) and a pot lid (3 cm in diameter)

Christmas tree bauble with

a decayed picture of a
church inside
(7 cm in diameter)

Hunt and Son of Great

Yarmouth trademark

Green bottle with Dutch gin bottle (typical

maker’s name design).
embossed on base, (24 cm tall)
Green beer bottle embossed imperial pint (24 cm tall) Hayes UK & Co
(19 cm tall)

37
 Ink bottle embossed J J Field (6.5 cm tall).
Advertisement 1902

Glass bottle
embossed BIXR on Pot imprinted Maling Newcastle
base (9.5 cm tall) (9.5 cm tall).
Maling pottery was produced,
first in Sunderland and later in
Newcastle upon Tyne, from 1762
to 1963. The discovery of a way
to make jars and other containers
by machine brought major
income. This speeded up the
production process and led to
huge orders from manufacturers
of goods as diverse as
marmalade, meat and fish
pastes, ointments and printing
ink. Customers included Keiller’s
marmalade.
When the business moved to
Glass bottle lid embossed Newcastle in 1817 the then
around the edge Cannington owner, Robert Maling began to
Shaw & Co St Helens. mark pieces with his name. The
(6.5 cm in diameter). output seems to have been
mainly simple, domestic wares
Edward Cannington entered made for use by the local working
the glass business in the firm people. A Victorian visitor to the
of Cannington, Reynolds & pottery records that he saw an
Fry at Bristol, prior to 1872. estimated one million jars in
He sold his interest in the firm storage, waiting to be shipped to
in 1872 and began glass a marmalade manufacturer
manufacture in Liverpool.
Cannington joined with John
Shaw in 1875 to form the
Sherdley Glass Works under
the management of
Cannington, Shaw & Co. By
1889, the Sherdley Glass
Works employed 870
workers. Since the firm
became a limited partnership
in 1892, bottles without the L
mark may be dated 1875 to
1892. The lid apparently was
glued onto the top of a cork.
This was likely one of the
early closure styles, probably
used during the early part of
the 1875-1892 period. In
1913 the firm combined to
form the United Glass Bottle
Manufacturers

38
 Ceramic pot lid with decayed label
(6.5 cm in diameter) emerging
from the dig

A variety of ceramic pieces

Black bottle
Cherry Tooth Paste lid. (24 cm tall)
Cherry toothpaste contained
clarified honey 100 drachms,
precipitated chalk 100 drachms,
powdered orris root 100
drachms, powdered rose leaves
60 drops, oil of cloves 55 drops,
oil of mace 55 drops, oil of
geranium 55 drops

Broken flagon imprinted Lacon’s Brewery

Gt Yarmouth

Ceramic pot with lid impressed Maw

(6 cm in diameter).
George Maw and his brother Arthur
have made earthenware encaustic
tiles for walls and floors since 1850.
Their first factory was in Worcester
and in 1862 the company moved to
Broseley, Shropshire in the
Ironbridge Gorge. In 1883, they
moved to Jackfield, Shropshire. The
Small scent bottle new, purpose-built factory was the
largest tile works in the world and
the company was the world's largest
producer of ceramic tiles, making
more than 20 million pieces a year.
In the 1890s Maw & Co started
making high quality pottery.
Pot lid (7 cm in diameter)

39
 Bottle embossed Aqua de
Florida Murray and Lanman
Druggists New York
(23 cm tall).
Murray and Lanman’s
Florida Water was
introduced into the United
States market in 1808.
Immediately it gained
popularity and became a
worldwide, well-known
cologne, not only because
of its fragrance, but also
because of the more than
20 uses attributed to it. It
has been sold as a toilet
water or perfume for almost
two centuries. It is said to
relieve weakness, fatigue,
prostration, nervousness
and headache. Over the
years it has been used in
Hoodoo, Voodoo, Santeria
and Wicca practices for
ritual offerings and
purification. Florida means
of flowers and has more
alcohol than water in its
formula and is flammable.
Florida Water is still made
today

Bowl (16 cm in diameter)

Ceramic pot for jam impressed Not

genuine unless bearing W P Hartley
label (13 cm tall).
Ceramic seated man (front and rear In 1871, William Pickles Hartley, a
4.5 cm tall) Lancashire greengrocer, had a
consignment of jam go missing. Instead
of letting his customers down he
decided to make his own jam to sell in
earthenware pots. The jam was such a Photograph and frame
hit that, in 1874, he moved production to
(9.5 cm wide)
Bootle, near Liverpool and, using his
expertise in fruit, he began making
marmalade and jelly too. In 1884, it
became incorporated as William Hartley
& Sons Limited and moved production
Small
to Aintree in 1886. In 1890, a new blue
factory at Aintree was built. A second glass
factory was then opened in 1890 in
bottle
Bermondsey, London which led
(3.5 cm
Cup without a handle Hartley’s to become the leading
tall)
(6 cm in diameter) preserves manufacturer throughout the
United Kingdom. Since 1962,
production has taken place in Histon,
Cambridgeshire.

40
 Glass bottle embossed Edwards
Harlene London for the hair
(16 cm tall)

Ceramic child’s toy set with soap dish and Broken pictorial pot lid
a cup (soap dish 2 cm x 3 cm) (6.5 cm in diameter)

Glass medicine bottle

embossed with dose marks
and teaspoons

Hand blown glass bottles have Small glass bottle embossed NOIJ Bottle stopper impressed Diver & Son
air bubbles on the base (3 cm tall) Yarmouth

41
 Stoneware pot with remnants of blacking on its
lips impressed Stiff and Son London
(6 cm tall)

In 1751, the pottery was established in Lambeth,

London. In 1843, the firm was established by
James Stiff. In 1913, the business was sold to
Royal Doulton. It was advertised in 1914 as
Glass bottle embossed stoneware and terracotta manufacturers
Davis vegetable painkiller specialising in sanitary stoneware and drain
(11 cm tall). pipes, architectural terracotta, chimney pots,
garden vases, glazed stoneware, bottles, jars,
The very successful filters and jugs, electrical stoneware, insulators,
concoction was created by porous cells, battery jars etc
Perry Davis in 1840. He
was an ordained minister
and generously donated
his pain killer to religious
missions in China, India
and around the globe.
From these religious
outposts, missionaries
promoted temperance and
decried the evils of alcohol
and opium. This so-called
donated Joy to the World
was a heavily alcoholic
herbal elixir that was laced
with opium. Davis was the
first to coin the word
painkiller.
Advertisement 1880s

Brown
bottle
embossed
Argonaut
(14 cm
tall).
Green bottle
Advert embossed W P
1907 Branson coffee
extract
(17.5 cm tall)

42
 Chipped glass bottle with patterned edges embossed
J C Boldoot Amsterdam (16 cm tall)
Boldoot is a brand of Eau de Cologne. It is named after
the founder of the family business started in 1789 in
Amsterdam. Boldoot became purveyor to the Courts of
Stoneware bottle
the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Italy. He
imprinted Lawrence
sold all kinds of powders, ointments and a self-
Yarmouth Beccles and
developed alcohol-based medicine
Glass bottle makers mark George
embossed E Skey Wilnecote
Manwaring Tamwsorth
Peckham (17 cm tall).
Registration
143210 (dated to
1889 to 1892) (16
cm tall).
Edward Manwaring
established his
pickle business on
the Old Kent Road
in London in 1863. In 1860, George Skey
He sold Three started his enterprise and
Strictly High-Class ended up making pretty
Condiments: Naval much anything from clay
Pickle, Naval from the site, from gas
Chutney, and Royal ovens to ginger beer
Gordon Sauce bottles. It rapidly
expanded and became
one of the most important
pottery works in the
country. In 1936, it was
taken over by Doulton.
The pottery was
Large stoneware pot demolished in 1981.
(22.5 cm tall) Advertisement 1882

Multifaceted blue glass

bottle (25 cm tall)

Carved wooden horse’s head (9 cm long)

43
 Glass bottle embossed Brand & Co Mayfair the A 1 sauce and Mason OK Chelsea on the base
(25 cm tall).
In 1824, H W Brand, a chef to George IV created the original sauce on which A 1 is based. It
went into commercial production under the Brand & Co label in 1831, marketed as a condiment
for fish, meat and fowl, and continued production under this label after bankruptcy forced
ownership of Brand & Co to be transferred to W H Withall in 1850. It was renamed A 1 in 1873,
after a trademark dispute between the creator Brand and Dence & Mason, who had since
purchased Brand & Co from Withall. It continued to be produced by Brand & Co until the late
1970s at the firm's factory in Vauxhall, London until it fell out of favour within the UK domestic
market. It is currently owned by Premier Foods.
Advertisement 1900

Lid embossed Mellins food for Broken ceramic tureen lid

infants
(4.25 cm in diameter)
Vase (9 cm tall)

Wine bottle
Broken pottery mug (12.5 cm tall) (29 cm tall Vase (9 cm tall)
weight 1Kg)

44
Tom Licence obtained permission to dig in the back garden of the adjacent property to the south. Here,
he dug two pits about a metre square and six feet deep. He found that the area of the cinders and ash
was tightly impacted and difficult to dig through. The refuse found was later than that in the next door
garden and dated to the early 1900s. Some bottles were not of local origin suggesting that the rubbish
was from holidaymakers visiting Great Yarmouth. Some of the finds are detailed.

Collection of bottles left to right: Dawson’s

ginger beer of Norwich (taken over by Steward
Collection of bottles left to right: Codd Bottle embossed and Patteson in 1950), Oliver’s ale of Sudbury,
Pinchen's superior aerated ginger beer Corpusty with entwined Symington coffee essence of Edinburgh,
JPC trademark, Ind Coope ale, Hunt’s ginger beer Great Lacon’s ale of Great Yarmouth, a medicine
Yarmouth, Allsopp’s ale Burton on Trent and Westmacott bottle and a small unlabelled bottle
ginger beer Manchester

Glass bottle embossed Oliver Bros Sudbury Brewery

Suffolk. The Sudbury brewery was founded in 1873. By
1892 it was trading as Oliver Brothers. Acquired by
Greene King & Sons Ltd. in 1919 (with 51 public houses).
Brewing ceased in 1932

Beer bottle
Stoneware bottle embossed
imprinted Lawrence and Steward and
Son Yarmouth Beccles Patteson
Norwich and
Glass bottle embossed Symington Coffee Essence and Saxmundham
Swaffham
Edinburgh. William Symington founded the company in
1827 selling tea, coffee and groceries. Still in existence.
Advertisement 1892

Glass bottle embossed Edward Manwaring.

He established a pickles business on the Old
Kent Road, London in 1863

45
 Left: Beer glass bottle embossed Ind Coope.
The roots of Ind Coope can be traced back to 1799
when Edward Ind acquired the Star Brewery in
Romford, Essex. The brewery had been founded by
George Cardon in 1709. Ind Coope & Co. was
founded in 1845 when Octavius Coope and George
Coope joined with Edward Ind as Ind Coope. They
opened a brewery in Burton-on-Trent in 1856. Ind
Coope merged with Samuel Allsopp & Sons in
1934, then with Ansell's and Tetley Walker in 1961
to form Allied Breweries. Ind Coope Burton
Brewery was sold by Carlsberg-Tetley to Bass in
1997. Through a series of takeovers and name
changes, it is now owned by Molson Coors and
operates as Burton North
Brewery
Right: Beer bottle
embossed Allsopp, a hand
and a trademark. The
hand device was
registered as a trademark
for Samuel Allsopp & Sons
in 1876, although it had
been used by the
company for 14 years
before that. The firm was
founded in the 1800

Codd Bottle embossed

Pinchen's Superior Aerated
Ginger Beer Corpusty.
James Pinchen was a baking
powder and mineral water
supplier in Corpusty until he
had acquired the South Creake
Brewery by 1896. There
brewing ceased in 1914 but
brewing continued in Corpusty
until 1962

Glass bottle labelled The Plough

Harrow Rd

46
 Glass bottle embossed Clarke’s Lincoln World Famed Blood Mixture (18.5 cm tall).
Francis Clarke was a three-time Mayor of Lincoln and a noted philanthropist. His
concern for the wellbeing of the people also extended to a medicinal cure-all, a remedy
which promised great health benefits.
He was born in 1842, the son of Robert Clarke, a druggist, who had a shop in Lincoln.
In 1859, Francis set up as a chemist and soon he was concocting his own medical
preparations. Among these was the extremely popular Clarke’s World Famed Blood
Mixture and hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world bought it. It was
claimed to be a certain cure for sores, glandular swelling, skin complaints, scrofula,
scurvy, cancerous ulcers, bad legs, rheumatism, gout, sore eyes, dropsy, pimples,
blackheads and piles. The British Medical Association analysed Clarke’s product in
1909 and revealed that the contents were mainly water, a little sugar, a minuscule
amount of alcohol and traces of chloroform and ammonia. It was also calculated that
the cost of the ingredients of a standard bottle was around one old penny, but the
product was being sold for almost thirty times that amount

A sauce bottle embossed

Pal…. Sauce Works

Marbles probably from Codd bottles, a small bottle and two stoppers

47
 Woods toothpaste was available nationwide.
A growing range of tooth powders and toothpastes began
to be commercially available in the mid-1800s. Native to
India, areca nuts have long been used in Ayurvedic
medicines and were also used in English toothpastes and
powders. The nuts were used to clean the teeth, freshen
the breath and strengthen the gums as well as to prevent
tooth decay. In production from 1860 until 1910 and is the
most commonly found brand of toothpaste in rubbish
dumps of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Westmacott ginger beer
stoneware bottle. Westmacott of
17 Market Street, Manchester was
a chemist and mineral water
manufacturer. Probably brought
to Great Yarmouth by a visitor

Plain pot lid

Toothbrush with bristles stamped Oliver and Co

Two views of a piece of Yarmouth. John R Oliver was a registered
glass (14 cm long). chemist and a druggist by examination at
Possibly a piece of a 176 King Street
chandelier Bone
toothbrush
48
 Glass bottle embossed Mrs
Winshaw’s Soothing Syrup Curtis
and Perkins Proprietors (12.5 cm
tall).
The mixture was concocted by Mrs
Charlotte Winslow and
manufactured by her son-in-law,
Jeremiah Curtis and Benjamin
Perkins of Bangor, Maine, America
in 1845. They later moved their
operation to New York City in the
1850s. The formula consisted of
morphine sulphate (65 mg per fluid
ounce), sodium carbonate, spirits
foeniculi and aqua ammonia. It
was claimed that it was likely to
sooth any human or animal and it
effectively quieten restless infants
and small children especially for
teething. It was widely marketed in
the United Kingdom and America.
In a 1868 court summary, Curtis
reported selling more than 1.5
million bottles of the remedy
annually. Throughout the 1800s,
ingredients did not have to be listed
on labels, and consumers were
often unaware of the contents of
the remedies they purchased. Mrs
Winslow's syrup was denounced by
the American Medical Association
in 1911 as a baby killer, but it
continued to be sold until 1930.
There was much discussion of
opiate addiction in the 19th century
because of the introduction of Infant feeding glass bottle embossed
morphine into medicines and other Owles and Son Chemists Yarmouth
products
J. Wilshak stoneware
bottle.
Joseph Wilshak had
been the licensee of
the Crown Hotel,
which stood at the
junction of Nelson
Road and Crown
Road in 1874 and
later, the Rose public
house in King Street.
By 1890, his son,
also Joseph, had
started his own
mineral water
business operating
from Black’s Hole,
Jubilee Passage,
Regent Road.
Joseph’s younger
brother had joined
Clay pipe with an opossum on its stem and labelled the business by 1900
and they continued
manufacturing
Acknowledgements: mineral water and
Professor Tom Licence, University of East Anglia. ginger beer as
Wilshak Bros until
Roger Silver, local historian and expert in 1907 when they were
Victorian mineral water manufacturers. taken over by S G
Marlar

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